
Celiac disease is associated with over 300 signs and symptoms. The reason the problems are so diverse, is that complications are a manifestation of four causes. This is what makes celiac disease and gluten intolerance extremely tricky to recognize.
First of all, your body recognizes gluten as a pathogen or toxin and responds by inducing a state of inflammation. Anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) are activated to attack the gliadin protein in gluten. Inflammation is actually a protective attempt by your body. In normal cases of infection it acts to remove the harmful pathogen and stimulate healing. However, when gluten is constantly present in the diet your body can become chronically inflamed. Chronic inflammation can lead to several complications, including allergies, heart disease, arthritis, interstitial cystitis, and even cancer (1).
Chronic inflammation can lead to down-regulation of the immune system by causing T cell dysfunction (2). This is why we often have patients with newly diagnosed celiac disease come in with candida overgrowth, recurrent strep infections and even hyposplenism (3).
Resulting from chronic inflammation, celiac disease is autoimmune in nature. Auto-antibodies attack our very own cells. Most are all too familiar with the common destruction of the intestinal lining in celiac disease leading to villous atrophy. However, autoimmune diseases tend to run together- once you have one, you are much more likely to have another. This is why we recommend that anyone with an autoimmune condition be tested for celiac disease. When your body attacks the beta cells in your pancreas it leads to type 1 diabetes. When it attacks your mucous membranes, the result is Sjogren’s disease. Attacking the thyroid can cause Graves’ disease or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Luckily, celiac disease is the only autoimmune disorder with a known cause. Cutting out that trigger (gluten) from the diet can lead to a full recovery.
Finally, symptoms in celiac disease can be the cause of malabsorption and malnutrition. In celiac disease there will be an increased level of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the gut. This inflammation is what causes the destruction of the delicate villi and microvilli within the small intestine. Furthermore, the destruction leads to hyperplasia in the crypts between these villi, causing them to swell and thicken. The result is significantly decreased absorption by the small intestine. In severe cases fat absorption is severely inhibitied. Without absorbing fat, one cannot absorb the important fat soluble vitamins- A, D, E, and K- let alone the essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Without vitamin D, calcium absorption is inhibited. Let’s not forget the other deficiency commonly seen in celiac disease including magnesium, copper, zinc, iron, vitamin C and all of your B-vitamins. Anemia is most often recognized with deficiency, but hair loss, eczema, depression, fatigue, rickets, “foggy” brain, impaired vision, infertility, osteoporosis and many more symptoms can result. It is not uncommon to have patients hungry and craving bizarre foods. These deficiencies are why we always suggest that patients take a liquid multi-vitamin along with their gluten free diet.
Celiac disease is a complex set up symptoms caused by the body’s recognition of a common food ingredient as toxic. The many signs of celiac disease are what can make it extremely difficult to diagnose and recognize in patients. With over 300 associated signs and symptoms, I encourage you to try and NOT relate something to celiac disease. It is nearly impossible to do and why we recommend that everyone be tested.
- Schacter, E. Chronic Inflammation and Cancer. Oncology 16:217-232, 2002.
- Ezernitchi A, Vaknin I, Cohen-Daniel L, Levy O, Manaster E, Halabi A, Pikarsky E, Shapira L, Baniyash M. TCR {zeta} down-regulation under chronic inflammation is mediated by myeloid suppressor cells differentially distributed between various lymphatic organs. J. Immunol. 2006;177;4763-4772. http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/reprint/177/7/4763.
- Walters J, Bamford K, Ghosh S. Coeliac disease and the risk of infections. Gut. Vol 57;No 8;1034-5. Aug 2008. http://gut.bmj.com/content/57/8/1034.full.pdf.